This famous line from the movie Raiders of the Lost Ark, reflects the
sentiment of many folks in response to the mention of snakes. In an
earlier Project Noah blog post this week by Neil Dazet, we learned that
almost 51% of American people have a fear of snakes. I cannot even begin
to tell you how many times I have heard, ‘the only good snake is a dead
snake.” But did you know that snakes are such a valuable part of our
environment we would be hard pressed to live without them? In fact there
are many people who now owe their life to a snake!
What is venom? The American Heritage Dictionary of Science defines
venom as, “a poisonous substance secreted by special glands of some
snakes, spiders, scorpions, lizards, and similar animals, who inject it
into their prey or enemy by biting or stinging.” In the scientific
world, venom is injected, while poison is ingested. Therefore spiders
and snakes are considered venomous rather than poisonous. Because of the
many components of venom and the unique properties of each specific to
the many different venomous species, researchers are studying the
natural pharmacy of potential medicines that may be used in the near
future to treat and even cure diseases.
For instance, if you or a loved one have ever suffered a heart attack and have been treated with either of the drugs
Eptifibatide or
Tirofiban,
then you owe many thanks to snakes. Eptifibatide is a drug that was
developed from the venom of rattlesnakes and tirofiban was developed
from the venom of the African saw-scaled viper. Venom is a complex
mixture of proteins and varies upon its makeup from different snake
species. Those same proteins that make venom a deadly cocktail when
injected by a snake, can be used by doctors in modified amounts to treat
human disease. The two drugs mentioned above are used to halt heart
attacks when given within the first three hours of symptoms.
Ancrod was developed from the venom of the
Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) pictured left, and has been used to help prevent deadly stroke-causing clots during difficult surgeries.
Contortrostatin, a protein found in the venom of the
Southern copperhead (Askistrodon contortrix) below left, is showing much promise in treating breast cancer, and the venom of the
African black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) on the right is being studied for the treatment of Alzheimer’s.
But snakes are important to us in other ways too. Do you like to eat?
Of course you do, but what do snakes have to do with food? Snakes are
the best form of rodent control and have the unique ability to go where
the rodents can go. None of the traps mankind has invented, the cats we
have spread around the world or even the birds of prey, can get to the
rodents like snakes, or equal the number of rodents consumed by snakes.
Even if you don’t like to eat your veggies, the meat animals you consume
rely on the vegetation/grain produced on farms. Without snakes to
control the rodent population, vegetation/grain production can greatly
be impacted. Crop loss and ruination of stored grain by rodents and
their feces and urine can range upwards to 100% on some farms during
periods of rodent population explosions. Grow your own vegetables and
fruits? Many of our smaller snakes feed on slugs, snails and other
garden pests and they are non-toxic and do not cause cancer!
Did you know that snakes could help protect your home from fire? It
is estimated that about 20% of all house fires in the U.S. of unknown
origin can be attributed to damage caused by rodents chewing on wiring
and other electrical components.
Because
of their constant need to gnaw to keep their teeth in check, rodents
may also cause structural and other damage to your home or property. And
let’s face it, if a poison is toxic enough to kill a small mammal; is
that really something you want to ever have near your children and
family pets?
What about disease? Hanta virus occurs naturally throughout most of
North and South America; it is airborne, and in the absence of prompt
medical attention, its infections are usually fatal. The main hosts for
the hanta virus are rodents. Rodents carry many other diseases that can
be transmitted to humans (zoonoses), among them: Rabies (Lyssavirus),
Plague (Yersinia pestis), Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (LCMV),
Leptospirosis (Weil’s syndrome), Salmonellosis, Tuberculosis and many of
the tick-bourn diseases like Lyme’s Disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted
Fever.
Do you like to hunt or fish? Snakes affect the quality and numbers of
game animals available. They help to prevent diseases in these animals
and promote stronger stock by weeding out weak, diseased or old members.
They can also affect the food available for game animals to eat. Large
timber rattlesnakes show a food preference for squirrels. In preparation
for winter, squirrels collect and bury nuts, seeds and acorns in
underground stashes. Other animals like deer and turkey are then
deprived of these foods except for the occasional accidental uncovering
of a poorly buried shallow stash.
Nature is a system of checks and balances. If you remove one
component from an ecosystem, the balance shifts in favor of another. And
while humans like to think we have control over life; when we tinker
with these systems we start a cascade of events the consequences of
which we may not even realize for months, years, decades or even
generations. In the United States, it is easy to learn the venomous
snakes from the nonvenomous and how to take measures to reduce or even
prevent human-snake encounters. There is NEVER a good reason to kill a
snake in any of our protected parks and natural habitats….or to harm
those we encounter in our yards or homes unless they are presenting an
immanent threat. If the snake is outside and you keep your yard free of
debris and well-maintained, the snake has no reason to stay and will
have moved on in an hour or so. If the snake is indoors and you know it
is a harmless species, you may use a broom and dust pan to gently urge
the snake into a trash can or other lidded container, place the lid on
the container and then safely carry the snake to the outdoors and
release it. If it is a venomous snake in your house, remove pets and
people, try to secure the room the snake is in and call a professional.
Do not try to capture or kill the snake…this is how bites occur and can
sometimes prove a deadly mistake.
Remember, snakes do a valuable service in the environment and the
costs of killing them far outweigh the costs of protecting them and the
benefits living with them provide in the long run. So in answer to the
question posed in title of this blog, I know why it has to be snakes and
I feel very fortunate to share my world with them.
From left: As its name suggests, the
gray ratsnake (Pantherophis spiloides) preys on rats, other rodents and the occasional bird and/or eggs; if you are fortunate enough to find a
Dekay’s brownsnake (Storeria dekayi)
in your yard, you won’t be as troubled by slugs, snails and other pests
eating your veggies and decorative plants!; like most snakes, the
timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)
is a shy species that rarely strikes unless confronted or disturbed and
its venom and has been used to develop life-saving drugs for heart
patients; who knows what other cures and treatments may be teased from
this majestic beauty?
Author: Lisa Powers, herpetologist and Project Noah Ranger researched and wrote the blog post you just read for the Center of Snake Conservation/Project Noah Snake Week.
Thank you Lisa for allowing us to share this awesome, and informative article with our readers here.
To learn more about the Center for Snake Conservation please visit the following link
CSC. Become a member and support the continued conservation of snakes.
Project Noah has created an awesome database for sharing photographs and information of organisms found throughout the World. This database will provide a valuable resource to educators, naturalist, biologists, ecologists, herpetologists, etc. for wildlife education and awareness. If you are interested, login to their page and begin posting your photos.
